WELCOME TO E.MECH E-NOTES

TRADE THEORY PLAN:-

1.Trade and Orientation:how to manage online class.

2.Trade and Orientation:introduction to the course duration, content and study of the syllabus.

3.Trade and Orientation:Familiarization with the working of Industrial Training.

4.Trade and Orientation:Importance of safety and precautions to be taken in the Shop.

5.Trade and Orientation:Introduction to PPEs.

6.Trade and Orientation:Introduction to First Aid.Response to emergencies.

7.Trade and Orientation:Importance of housekeeping & good shop floor practices. Occupational Safety & Health: Health, Safety and Environment guidelines, legislations & regulations as applicable.

8.Hand tools and their uses:Identification, specifications, uses and maintenance of commonly used hand tools.state the correct shape of files for filing differnt profiles.

9.Hand tools and their uses:Riveting of tags and lugs, cutting and bending of sheet
metals, chassis and cabinets

10.Basics of AC and Electrical:Basic terms such as electric charges,potential difference,voltage,current,resistance.Basics of AC And DC.various terms such as +ve cycle,-ve cycle,frequency,time period,RMS,Peak,Instentanious value. 

11.Basics of AC and Electrical :Single Phase and Three phase supply .Terms like line and phase voltage /currents.Insulators, conductors, and semiconductor properties.

12.Basics of AC and Electrical:Different types of electrical cabels and there specifications.Types of wires and cabels ,standard wire gauge.

13.Basics of AC and Electrical cables:Classification of cables according to gauge (core size),number of conductors,material,insulation strength,flexibility etc.

14.Single range meters:Introduction to electrical and electronic measuring instruments. Basic principle and parts of simple meters.

15.Single range meters:Specifications, symbols used in dial and their meaning.

16. Cells & Batteries:Construction, types of primary and secondary cells. Materials used, Specification of cells and batteries.

17.Cells & Batteries:Charging process, efficiency, life of cell/battery.Selection of cells / Batteries etc. Use of Hydrometer.

18.Cells & Batteries:Types of electrolytes used in cells and batteries. Series/ parallel connection of batteries and purpose of such connections.

19.AC & DC measurements:Introduction to electrical measuring instruments. Importance and classification of meters.

20.AC & DC measurements:Forces necessary to work a meter. MC and MI meters.Range extension, need of calibration.

21.AC & DC measurements:Characteristics of meters and errors in meters. Multi meter, use of meters in different circuits.

22.AC & DC measurements:Care and maintenance of meters. Use of CRO, Function generator, LCR meter.

23. Soldering/ De-soldering and Various Switches:Different types of soldering guns, related to Temperature and wattages, types of tips. Solder materials and their grading. Use of flux and other materials.

24.Soldering/ De-soldering and Various Switches:Selection of soldering gun for specific requirement.Soldering and De-soldering stations and their specifications.

25.Soldering/ De-soldering and Various Switches:Different switches, their specification and usage.

26.Active and Passive Components:Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s Law. Resistors; types of resistors, their construction & specific use, color-coding, power rating.

27.Active and Passive Components:Equivalent Resistance of series parallel circuits. Distribution of V & I in series parallel circuits.

28.Active and Passive Components:Principles of induction,inductive reactance. Types of inductors, construction, specifications, applications and energy storage concept.

29.Active and Passive Components:Self and Mutual induction.Behaviour of inductor at low and high frequencies. Series and parallel combination, Q factor.

30.Active and Passive Components:Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance, Impedance. Types of capacitors, construction, specifications
and applications. Dielectric constant.

31.Active and Passive Components:Significance of Series parallel connection of capacitors. Capacitor behaviour with AC and DC. Concept of Time
constant of a RC circuit.

32.Active and Passive Components:Concept of Resonance and its application in RC, RL & RLC series and parallel circuit.

33.Active and Passive Components:Properties of magnets and their materials, preparation of artificial magnets, significance of electromagnetism, types of cores.

34.Active and Passive Components:Relays, types, construction and specifications etc.

35.Power Supply Circuits:Semiconductor materials, components, number coding for different electronic components such as Diodes
and Zeners etc.

36.Power Supply Circuits:Semiconductor materials, components, number coding for different electronic components such as Diodes
and Zeners etc.

37.Power Supply Circuits:PN Junction, Forward and Reverse biasing of diodes.

38.Power Supply Circuits:Interpretation of diode specifications. Forward current and Reverse voltage.

39.Power Supply Circuits:Packing styles of diodes. Different diodes

40.Power Supply Circuits:Rectifier configurations, their efficiencies, Filter components and their role in reducing ripple.

41.Power Supply Circuits:Working principles of Zener diode, varactor diode, their specifications and applications.

42.Power Supply Circuits:Working principle of a Transformer, construction, Specifications and types of cores used.

43.Power Supply Circuits:Step-up, Step down and isolation transformers with applications. Losses in Transformers.

44.Power Supply Circuits:Phase angle, phase relations, active and reactive power, power factor and its importance.

45.Computer Hardware, OS, MS office and Networking:Basic blocks of a computer, Components of desktop and motherboard.

46.Computer Hardware, OS, MS office and Networking:Hardware and software, I/O devices, and their working.Different types of printers, HDD, DVD.

47.Computer Hardware, OS, MS office and Networking:Various ports in the computer. Windows OS MS widows: Starting windows and its operation, file management using explorer, Display & sound properties, screen savers, font management, installation of program, setting and using of control panel, application of accessories, various IT tools and applications.

48.Computer Hardware, OS, MS office and Networking:Concept of word processing,:– Menu bar, standard tool bar, editing, formatting, printing of document etc.

49.Computer Hardware, OS, MS office and Networking:Excel – Worksheet basics, data entry and formulae. Moving data in worksheet using tool bars and menu bars, Formatting and calculations, printing worksheet, creating multiple work sheets, creating charts.

50.Computer Hardware, OS, MS office and Networking:Introduction to power point Basics of preparing slides,different design aspects of slides, animation with slides etc.

51.Computer Hardware, OS, MS office and Networking:Concept of Internet, Browsers, Websites, search engines, email, chatting and messenger service. Downloading the Data and program files etc.

52.Computer Networking:Network features – Network medias Network topologies, protocols- TCP/IP, UDP, FTP, models and types.

53.Computer Networking:Specification and standards, types of cables, UTP, STP,Coaxial cables.

54.Computer Networking:Network components like hub, Ethernet switch, router, NIC Cards, connectors, media and firewall. Difference between PC & Server.

55.IC Regulators:Regulated Power supply using 78XX series, 79XX series.Op-amp regulator, 723 regulator, (Transistorized & IC based).

56.IC Regulators:Voltage regulation, error correction and amplification etc.

57.Transistor:Construction, working of a PNP and NPN Transistors, purpose of E, B & C Terminals.

58.Transistor:Significance of ?, ? and relationship of a Transistor. Need for Biasing of Transistor. VBE, VCB, VCE, IC, IB, Junction Temperature, junction capacitance, frequency of operation.

59.Transistor:Transistor applications as switch and amplifier. Transistor input and output characteristics.

60.Transistor:Transistor power ratings & packaging styles and use of different heat sinks.

61.Amplifier:Different types of biasing, various configurations of transistor (C-B, C-E & C-C), their characteristics and applications.

62.Amplifier:Transistor biasing circuits and stabilization Techniques.

63.Amplifier:Classification of amplifiers according to frequency, mode of operation and methods of coupling.

64.Amplifier:Voltage amplifiers – voltage gain, loading effect.

65.Amplifier:Single stage CE amplifier and CC amplifier.

66.Amplifier:Emitter follower circuit and its advantages. RC coupled amplifier.

67.Amplifier:Distinguish between voltage and power amplifier, Push amplifier and class C tuned amplifier.

68.Amplifier:Alpha, beta, voltage gain, Concept of dB dBm. Feedback and its types.

69.Oscillators:Introduction to positive feedback and requisites of an oscillator.

70.Oscillators:Study of Colpitts, Hartley oscillator.

71.Oscillators:Study of Crystal and RC oscillators.

72.Oscillators:Types of multi vibrators and study of circuit diagrams.

73.Wave shaping circuits:Diode shunt clipper circuits, Clamping / limiting circuits.

74.Wave shaping circuits:Zener diode as peak clipper, uses their applications.

75.Power Electronic Components:Construction of FET & JFET, difference with BJT.

76.Power Electronic Components:Purpose of Gate, Drain and source terminals and voltage /current relations between them and Impedances between various terminals.

77.Power Electronic Components:Heat Sink- Uses & purpose. Suitability of FET amplifiers in measuring device applications.

78.Power Electronic Components:Working of different power electronic components such as SCR, TRIAC, DIAC and UJT.

79.MOSFET & IGBT:MOSFET, Power MOSFET and IGBT, their types, characteristics, switching speed, power ratings and protection.

80.MOSFET & IGBT:Differentiate FET with MOSFET. Differentiate Transistor with IGBT.

81.Opto Electronics:Working and application of LED, IR LEDs, Photo diode

82.Opto Electronics:photo transistor, their characteristics and applications.

83.Opto Electronics:Optical sensor, opto-couplers, circuits with opto isolators.

84.Opto Electronics:Characteristics of LASER diodes.

85.Basic Gates:Introduction to Digital Electronics. Difference between analog and digital signals.

86.Basic Gates:Logic families and their comparison.

87.Basic Gates:logic levels of TTL and CMOS.

88.Basic Gates:Number systems (Decimal, binary, octal, Hexadecimal).

89.Basic Gates:BCD code, ASCII code and code conversions.

90.Basic Gates:Various Logic Gates and their truth tables.

91.Combinational Circuits:Combinational logic circuits such as Half Adder, Full adder.

92.Combinational Circuits:Parallel Binary adders, 2-bit and four bit full adders.

93.Combinational Circuits:Magnitude comparators. Half adder, full adder ICs and their applications for implementing arithmetic operations.

94.Combinational Circuits:Concept of encoder and decoder.

95.Combinational Circuits:Basic Binary Decoder and four bit binary decoders.

96.Combinational Circuits:Need for multiplexing of data. 1:4 line Multiplexer / Demultiplexer.

97.Flip Flops:Introduction to Flip-Flop. S-R Latch, Gated S-R Latch, DLatch.

98.Flip Flops:Flip-Flop: Basic RS Flip Flop, edge triggered D Flip Flop.

99.Flip Flops:JK Flip Flop, T Flip Flop. Master-Slave flip flops and Timing diagrams.

100.Flip Flops:Basic flip flop applications like data storage, data transfer and frequency division.

101.Electronic circuit simulator:Study the library components available in the circuit simulation software.

102.Electronic circuit simulator:Various resources of the software.

103.Counter & shift Registers:Basics of Counters, types, two bit and three bit Asynchronous binary counters.

104.Counter & shift Registers:decade counters with the timing diagrams.

105.Counter & shift Registers:3-bit Synchronous counters and synchronous decade counters.

106.Counter & shift Registers:Types of seven segment display. BCD display.

107.Counter & shift Registers:BCD to decimal decoder. BCD to 7 segment display circuits.

108.Counter & shift Registers:Basics of Register, types and application of Registers.

109.Op – Amp & Timer 555 Applications:Block diagram and Working of Op-Amp

110.Op – Amp & Timer 555 Applications:importance, Ideal characteristics, advantages and applications of OP-AMP.

111.Op – Amp & Timer 555 Applications:Schematic diagram of 741, symbol. Non-inverting voltage amplifier.

112.Op – Amp & Timer 555 Applications:inverting voltage amplifier, summing amplifier, Comparator, zero cross detector.

113.Op – Amp & Timer 555 Applications:differentiator,integrator and instrumentation amplifier, other popular Op-Amps.

114.Op – Amp & Timer 555 Applications:Block diagram of 555, functional description w.r.t. different configurations of 555 such as monostable, astable and VCO operations for various application.

115. Counter & shift Registers:3-bit Synchronous counters and synchronous decade counters.

116.Counter & shift Registers:Types of seven segment display. BCD display.

117.Counter & shift Registers:BCD to decimal decoder. BCD to 7 segment display circuits.

118.Counter & shift Registers:Basics of Register, types and application of Registers.

LESSON PLAN OF WORKSHOP CALCULATION & SCIENCE 1ST YEAR :-

1.Unit, Fractions:Classification of Unit System.

2.Unit, Fractions:Fundamental and Derived Units F.P.S, C.G.S, M.K.S and SI Units.

3.Unit, Fractions:Measurement Units and Conversion.

4.Unit, Fractions:Factors, HCF, LCM and Problems

5.Unit, Fractions:Fractions – Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division.

6.Unit, Fractions:Decimal Fractions – – Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division.

7.Unit, Fractions:Solving Problems by using calculator.

8.Square Root: Ratio and Proportions, Percentage:Square and Square Root.

9.Square Root: Ratio and Proportions, Percentage:Simple problems using calculator.

10.Square Root: Ratio and Proportions, Percentage:Application of Pythagoras Theorem and related problems.

11.Square Root: Ratio and Proportions, Percentage:Ratio and Proportions.

12.Square Root: Ratio and Proportions, Percentage:Direct and Indirect proportion.

13.Square Root: Ratio and Proportions, Percentage:Percentage.

14.Square Root: Ratio and Proportions, Percentage:Changing percentage to decimal.

15.Material Science:Types of metals.

16.Material Science:Physical and Mechanical Properties of metals.

17.Material Science:Types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

18.Material Science:Introduction of iron and cast iron.

19.Material Science:Difference between iron and steel, alloy steel and carbon steel.

20.Material Science:Properties and uses of rubber, timber and insulating materials.

21.Mass, Weight, Volume, and Density:Mass, volume, density, weight & specific gravity.

22.Mass, Weight, Volume, and Density:Related problems for mass, volume, density, weight & specific gravity.

23.Speed and Velocity, Work Power and Energy:Rest, motion, speed, velocity.

24.Speed and Velocity, Work Power and Energy:difference between speed and velocity.

25.Speed and Velocity, Work Power and Energy:acceleration and retardation.

26.Speed and Velocity, Work Power and Energy:Related problems on speed and velocity.

27.Speed and Velocity, Work Power and Energy:Potential energy, Kinetic Energy.

28.Speed and Velocity, Work Power and Energy:Potential energy, Kinetic Energy and related problems with related problems.

29.Speed and Velocity, Work Power and Energy:Work, power, energy, HP, IHP, BHP and efficiency.

30.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Concept of heat and temperature, effects of heat, difference between heat and temperature.

31.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Scales of temperature, Celsius, Farenhieght,Kelvin and Conversion between scales of temperature.

32.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Temperature measuring instruments, types of thermometer, pyrometer.

33.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Transmission of heat – Conduction, convection and radiation.

34.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Co-efficient of linear expansion and related problems with assignments.

35.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Problem of Heat loss and heat gain with assignments.

36.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Thermal conductivity and insulators.

37.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Boiling point and melting point of different metals and Nonmetals.

38.Heat &Temperature and Pressure:Concept of pressure and its units in different system.

39.Basic Electricity:Introduction and uses of electricity, molecule, atom, how electricity is produced.

40.Basic Electricity:electric current AC, DC and their comparison, voltage , resistance and their units.

41.Basic Electricity:Conductor, Insulator, types of connections- Series and Parallel.

42.Basic Electricity:Ohm’s Law, relation between VIR & related problems.

43.Basic Electricity:Electrical power, energy and their units, calculation with assignments.

44.Basic Electricity:Magnetic induction, self and mutual inductance and EMF generation.

45.Basic Electricity:Electrical Power, HP, Energy and units of electrical energy.

46.Mensuration:Area and perimeter of square, rectangle and parallelogram.

47.Mensuration:Area an Perimeter of Triangle.

48.Mensuration:Area and Perimeter of Circle, Semi-circle , circular ring, sector of circle, hexagon and ellipse.

49.Mensuration:Surface area and Volume of solids- cube, cuboids, cylinder, sphere and hollow cylinder.

50.Mensuration:Finding lateral surface area , total surface area and capacity in liters of hexagonal, conical and cylindrical shaped vessels.

51.Levers and Simple Machines:Simple machines, Effort and load, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio.

52.Levers and Simple Machines:efficiency of machine, relation between efficiency, velocity ratio and mechanical advantage.

53.Levers and Simple Machines:relation between efficiency, velocity ratio and mechanical advantage.

54.Levers and Simple Machines:Lever and its types.

55.Trigonometry:Measurement of Angle, Trigonometrical Ratios, Trigonometric Table.

56.Trigonometry:Trigonometry-Application in calculating height and distance (Simple Applications).

EMPLOYABILITY SKILL 1ST YEAR :-

1.Behavioural Skills:Expectation Setting.

2.Behavioural Skills:Personal Strength Analysis/Strength Blindness.

3.Behavioural Skills:Display Professionalism at the institute and work place.

4.Behavioural Skills:Increased social initiations relationships and networks Acceptance of peers from different cultures and social groups and work with them.

5.Behavioural Skills:Collaboration with team to prioritize the common goal and compromise individual priorities.

6.Behavioural Skills:Characteristic of a responsible citizen- Display the same by respecting self, others, environment, care for duty and value for time.

7.Behavioural Skills:Adopting best practices and aspire to follow success stories of individual for personal development.

8.English Literacy:Functional English.

9.English Literacy:Importance of Learning English Different Naming words, Words used for replacing names, Action words, Describing people, place and their use.

10.English Literacy:Simple present, past; present, past progressive Construction of simple sentences – Kinds of sentences.

11.English Literacy:Introduction to punctuation – Comma, Full stop, Question mark. Singular plural Change of tense .

12.English Literacy:Usage of appropriate words to express themselves Greetings & Self Introduction Asking &responding to questions Sharing information with others Formal & Informal communication.

13.English Literacy:Speak and provide information about workplace Discussions on current happenings.

14.English Literacy:Reading simple sentences about: a) Self b) Work c) Environment.

15.English Literacy:Simple writing skills.

16.Communication Skills:Self- Introduction.

17.Communication Skills:Perception Management.

18.Communication Skills:a. Verbal Communication.

19.Communication Skills:b. Non-Verbal Communication.

20.Communication Skills:Campus to Work.

21.I.T. Literacy:Basics of Computers.

22.I.T. Literacy:Operating System.

23.I.T. Literacy:MS-Word , MS-Excel.

24.I.T. Literacy:Web browsers & Search Engines.

25.I.T. Literacy:Email,Mobile application.

26.Entrepreneurship Skills:Need of becoming entrepreneur.

27.Entrepreneurship Skills:Ways to become a good entrepreneur.

28.Entrepreneurship Skills:Enabling environment available to become an entrepreneur.

29.Entrepreneurship Skills:Different Govt. institutions/schemes promoting Entrepreneur viz., Gramin banks, PMMY-MUDRA loans, DIC, SIDA, SISI, NSIC, SIDO.

30.Entrepreneurship Skills:Ways to set up an enterprise and different aspects involved viz., legal compliances, Marketing aspect, Budgeting, etc.

31.Entrepreneurship Skills:Day to day monitoring mechanism for Maintaining an enterprise.

32.Entrepreneurship Skills:Different Government schemes supporting entrepreneurship.

33.Entrepreneurship Skills:Examples of successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurs.

34.Maintaining Efficiency:Factors affecting productivity,Improving Productivity.

35.Maintaining Efficiency:Personal finance literacy Planning, Saving, Tax, Govt.

36.Maintaining Efficiency:schemes for financial safety e.g. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), etc.

37.Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Education Duration:Safety and Health,Occupational Hazards.

38.Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Education Duration:Accident and Safety,First-aid ,Basic provisions on safety and Health.

39.Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Education Duration:Environmental Issues,Environmental ethics,Disaster Management.

40.Essential skills for success:Building basic skills to navigate life and career. Self-Awareness, articulating personal values, Value-based decision making, Dilemma situations.

41.Essential skills for success:Identify sources and types of stress (positive / negative stress), Managing stress (long-term / short-term), Handling rejection and building resilience, Identify day wasters.

42.Labour Welfare Legislation:Benefits guaranteed under various acts- Factories Act, Apprenticeship Act, Employees State Insurance Act (ESI).

43.Labour Welfare Legislation:Payment Wages Act, Employees Provident Fund Act, The Workmen’s compensation Act, POSH. Interpret applicable labour and industrial laws.

44.Quality Management:Quality Concept and Consciousness,Concept of Quality Management (QMS) & PDCA ,Concept of ISO.

45.Preparation to the world of work:Career Plan,Basic Professional Skills.

46.Preparation to the world of work:Career Pathways,Search and apply for a job.

47.Customer Interaction / service:Greeting customers,Probing-understanding
customer requirements.

48.Customer Interaction / service:Handling grievances,Relationship building with customers.

49.Customer Interaction / service:To identify the importance Probing.

50.Customer Interaction/service:Analyasis of whole topic.

ENGINEERING DRAWING 1ST YEAR :-

1.Engineering Drawing – Introduction:Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Drawing Instruments – • Conventions •.

2.Engineering Drawing – Introduction:Viewing of engineering drawing sheets. • Method of Folding of printed Drawing sheet as per BIS SP: 46-2003.

3.Drawing Instrument:Drawing board, T-square, Drafter (Drafting M/c), Set squares, Protector, Drawing Instrument Box (Compass, Dividers, Scale, Diagonal Scales etc.), pencils of different grades, Drawing pins/ Clips.PART-01

4.Free hand drawing:Lines, polygons, ellipse etc.

5.Free hand drawing:Geometrical figures and blocks with dimension.

6.Free hand drawing:Solid objects – Cube, Cuboids, Cone, Prism, Pyramid, Frustum of Cone with dimensions.

7.Free hand drawing:Free hand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools, simple fasteners (nuts, bolts, rivets etc.) trade related sketches.

8.Free hand drawing:Transferring measurement from the given object to the free hand sketches.

9.Lines:Definition, types and applications in drawing as per BIS: 46- 2003

10.Lines:Classification of lines (Hidden, centre, construction, extension, Dimension, Section).

11.Lines:Drawing lines of given length (Straight, curved).

12.Lines:Drawing of parallel lines, perpendicular line.

13.Lines:Methods of Division of line segment.

14.Drawing of Geometrical figures:Angle: Measurement and its types, method of bisecting.

15.Drawing of Geometrical figures:Triangle: different types.

16.Drawing of Geometrical figures:Rectangle, Square, Rhombus, Parallelogram.

17.Drawing of Geometrical figures:Circle and its elements.

18.Drawing of Geometrical figures:Different polygon and their values of included angles. Inscribed and circumscribed polygons.

19.Lettering & Numbering:Single Stroke, Double Stroke, Inclined.

20.Lettering & Numbering:Single Stroke, Double Stroke, Inclined.

21.Lettering & Numbering:Single Stroke, Double Stroke, Inclined.

22.Dimensioning and its Practice:Definition, types and methods of dimensioning (functional, non-functional and auxiliary).

23.Dimensioning and its Practice:Position of dimensioning (Unidirectional, Aligned).

24.Dimensioning and its Practice:Types of arrowhead.

25.Dimensioning and its Practice:Leader line with text.

26.Dimensioning and its Practice:Symbols preceding the value of dimension and dimensional tolerance.

27.Sizes and layout of drawing sheets:Selection of sizes.

28.Sizes and layout of drawing sheets:Title Block, its position and content.

29.Sizes and layout of drawing sheets:Item Reference on Drawing Sheet (Item list).

30.Method of presentation of Engg. Drawing:Pictorial View. 

31.Method of presentation of Engg. Drawing:Orthographic View.

32.Method of presentation of Engg. Drawing:Isometric View.

33.Symbolic representation – different symbols used in the trades:Fastener (Rivets, Bolts and Nuts).

34.Symbolic representation – different symbols used in the trades:Bars and profile sections.

35.Symbolic representation – different symbols used in the trades:Weld, Brazed and soldered joints.

36.Symbolic representation – different symbols used in the trades:Electrical and electronics element.

37.Symbolic representation – different symbols used in the trades:Piping joints and fitting.

38.Projections:Concept of axes plane and quadrant.

39.Projections:Concept of axes plane and quadrant.

40.Projections:Orthographic projections.

41.Projections:Orthographic projections.

42.Projections:Method of first angle and third angle projections (definition and difference).

43.Projections:Method of first angle and third angle projections (definition and difference).

44.Projections:Symbol of 1st angle and 3rd angle projection in 3rd angle.

45.Projections:Symbol of 1st angle and 3rd angle projection in 3rd angle.

46.Orthographic projection from isometric projection:Orthographic projection from isometric projection.

47.Orthographic projection from isometric projection:Orthographic projection from isometric projection.

48.Orthographic projection from isometric projection:Orthographic projection from isometric projection.

49.Orthographic projection from isometric projection:Orthographic projection from isometric projection.

50.Orthographic projection from isometric projection:Orthographic projection from isometric projection.

51.Orthographic projection from isometric projection:Orthographic projection from isometric projection.

52.Orthographic projection from isometric projection:Orthographic projection from isometric projection.

53.Reading of fabrication drawing:Reading of fabrication drawing.

54.Reading of fabrication drawing:Reading of fabrication drawing.

55.Reading of fabrication drawing:Reading of fabrication drawing.

56.Reading of fabrication drawing:Reading of fabrication drawing.